tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-53239709885483041752024-03-08T17:43:38.092-08:00Metode NumerikAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15972500129518226955noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5323970988548304175.post-39154305900123660492012-12-16T16:23:00.001-08:002012-12-16T16:23:36.211-08:00Aplikasi Metode Numerik<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Metoda numerik adalah teknik dimana masalah matematika diformulasikan sedemikian rupa sehinga dapat diselesaikan oleh pengoperasian aritmetika. Metode numerik mencakup sejumlah besar kalkulasi aritmetika yang menenuhkan, namun dengan perkembangan komputer yang cepat dan efisien, peranan metoda numerik dalam penyelesaian masalah teknik semakin meningkat. Alasan mengapa menggunakan metoda numerik adalah karena metoda numerik sanggup menangani sistem persamaan yang besar, tidak linear serta geometri rumit yang tidak biasa terjadi dalam praktik keteknikan dan seringkali tidak mungkin diselesaikan dengan cara analitis.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">KONSEP PERHITUNGAN ENGINEERING DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KOMPUTER</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Beberapa konsep perhitungan engineering yang digunakan pada metoda numerik meliputi:</span></div>
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<b>Akar-akar Persamaan</b>, Persoalan ini beraitan dengan nilai suatu variabel atau parameter yang memnuhi suatu persamaan tunggal.</div>
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<b>Sistem Persamaan Aljabar Linear</b>, Sekumpulan harga linear dicari agar muncul secara simultan dalam pelbagai konteks masalah dan pada setiap disiplin teknik. Khususnya persamaan yang berasal dari sejumlah besar sistem elemen yang saling berhubungan seperti struktur, rangkaian listrik dan jaringan fluida.</div>
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<b>Pencocokan Kurva</b>, Teknik yang dilakukan terdiri dari regresi dan interpolasi. Regresi dilakukan bila terdapat suatu tingkat kesalahan yang signifikan yang berkenaan dengan data, bisanya pada data hasil percobaan. Interpolasi dipakai dengan tujuan untuk menentukan nilai-nilai tengah antara titik-titik data yang secara relatif bebas dari kesalahan.</div>
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<b>Integrasi</b>, Suatu interpretasi fisik dari integrasi numerik akan menentukan luas dibawah kurva. Integrasi memiliki banyak aplikasi dalam praktik teknik mulai dari penentuan titik berat benda berbentuk sembarang sampai perhitungan kuantitas total berdasarkan pengukuran-pengukuran diskrit. Formula integrasi juga numerik juga memegang peranan utama dalam pemecahan persamaan kecepatan.</div>
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<b>Persamaan Diferensial</b>, Persamaan diferensial menjadi penting karena banyak hukum fisika yang dinyatakan oleh laju perubahan suatu besaran, bukan oleh nilai kuantitas itu sendiri.</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">APLIKASI KOMPUTER PADA DISAIN DAN ANALISA TEKNIK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Aplikasi komputer telah digunakan secara luas dalam perancangan dan analisa teknik. Tercatat beberapa <i>brand name</i> piranti lunak untuk aplikasi ini seperti CATIA, SolidWork, ANSYS, HATCH, FLOMERICS, CFX5, FLUENT dan lain-lain. Gambar dibawah ini merupakan tampilan analisa CFD untuk plenum dan fan inlet duct dari HATCH.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Figure 1: Geometry of plenum and fan inlet ductwork</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="269" src="http://fadel05.tripod.com/numerik/cfdanal.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Figure 2: Velocity distribution (ft/min) on vertical planes through plenum and fan inlet ducts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Artikel berikut ini menggambarkan penerapan CFD dalam perancangan mobil Formula 1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Disadur dari <i>Journal Article by Fluent Software Users</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Judul : <i>Running RAMPANT: Computational Fluid Dynamics in Formula 1 Design</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Oleh : Saif-Deen Akanni</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> (Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautical Department, City University, London, England)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Perancangan Mobil Formula 1 dari tim <i>Benetton Formula</i> dengan mobilnya Benetton B195 menggunakan aplikasi komputer. Design mobil tersebut dengan software CAD (<i>Computer Aided Design</i>) terlihat pada gambar dibawah ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Design Benetton B195 pada CAD</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Metoda numerik diterapkan pada aplikasi CFD untuk dapat mentransformasi konstruktor mobil balap tersebut untuk penelitian dan pengembangan aerodinamiknya. Langkah yang diperlukan pada analisa dengan CFD yaitu perancangan, definisi masalah dan simulasi, serta analisis hasil. Langkah-langkah ini menggantikan fungsi percobaan pada terowongan angin yang memerlukan waktu tambahan untuk membuat model disamping tes terowongan angin itu sendiri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Implementasi CFD pada siklus design diawali dengan langkah konsep dengan aplikasi CAD. Sebagai tambahan dalam konstruksi geometri, juga membutuhkan data kondisi aliran yang diterangkan oleh parameter seperti <i>density</i>, <i>viscosity</i> dan <i>boundary condition</i> (<i>walls</i>, <i>thin surface</i>, <i>pressure boundary</i> dan lainnya). Penerapan khusus metode ini seperti pada analisis <i>rear wing assembly</i>, <i>cooling system</i>, pandangan depan mobil balap dan bahkan keseluruhan mobil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Langkah selanjutnya adalah <i>discretization</i> atau yang dikenal dengan <i>gridding</i>. Pada fase ini permukaan model dibagi-bagi menjadi elemen yang kecil. Kemudian analis memilih tiap <i>line entity</i> dan menerapkannya pada setiap <i>intersection</i> yang disebut <i>node</i>. Kerapatan <i>node</i> akan bertambah pada area dengan gradient dinamika fluida yang tinggi, sudut, dan permukaan yang dipilih. Pada akhir dari proses ini perintah diberikan kepada aplikasi <i>mesh </i>untuk menempatkan <i>node</i> diseluruh geometri. Gambar dibawah ini menunjukkan <i>unstructured grid</i>.</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="199" src="http://fadel05.tripod.com/numerik/quarter.jpg" width="302" /></div>
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<tr><td align="center" width="50%"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Unstructured grid antara front wheel </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">dengan tanah</span></td><td align="center" width="50%"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tampak seperempat bagian depan dimodelkan dengan unstructured grid 250.000 cell</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Pada langkah berikutnya adalah menetapkan <i>boundary conditions</i>. Contohnya adalah pada model <i>cooling system</i> dimana analis harus menentukan inlet untuk <i>radiator duct intake</i>. Atau pada dinding <i>duct</i>, sumber panas dengan suhu untuk permukaan radiator dan tekanan untuk <i>duct exhaust</i>. Properti fluid juga ditentukan pada langkah ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> Ketika simulasi telah lengkap, dapat diperlihatkan dengan aplikasi analisis yang dapat menganalisis simulasi aliran secara utuh dalam beberapa cara. Termasuk disini adalah vector kecepatan,<i>streamlines/streaklines</i>, <i>line</i> atau <i>filed contour</i>, profil,<i>iso-surface</i> dan x-y plot. Gambar-gambar berikut ini menunjukkan hasil akhirnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Vektor kecepatan (gambar kiri) dan distribusi tekanan (gambar kanan) pada <i>front wheel</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Streamline/streakline sepanjang duct dan heat exchanger (gambar atas)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Distribusi suhu pada duct dan heat exchanger yang sama (gambar bawah)</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Spatial pressure distribution</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"> d<i>i</i>sekitar</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">triple-element upper rear wing assembly</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Distribusi tekanan permukaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">untuk <i>double-element rear wing assembly</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">Plot vektor kecepatan</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;">static pressure contour</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15972500129518226955noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5323970988548304175.post-43289006352129003242012-12-14T08:21:00.000-08:002012-12-14T08:21:04.847-08:00Definisi, Prinsip dan Pemakaian or Kegunaan Metode Numerik<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><b>Metode Numerik</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">adalah mata kuliah yang katanya finishing dari</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Aljabar Linear</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kalkulus </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">dan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Matematika diskrit</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">.</span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Yuk's kita kenali, apa ce Metode Numerik itu??!! Let's GO....</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Definisi Metode Numerik</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Metode Numerik</span> adalah teknik untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan-permasalahan yang diformulasikan secara matematik dengan cara operasi hitungan (arithmetic).</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Beberapa definisi <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">metode numerik</strong> dikemukakan ahli matematika, misalnya<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"> metode numerik</span> adalah teknik di mana masalah matematika diformulasikan sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat diselesaikan oleh pengoperasian aritmetika (Chapra dan Chanale, 1991); metode numerik adalah teknik -teknik yang digunakan untuk merumuskan masalah matematika agar dapat diselesaikan han ya dengan operasi hitungan, yang terdiri dari operasi tambah, kurang, kali dan bagi (Susila, 1994 ; Ibraheem dan Hisyam, 2003). Terdapat banyak jenis metode numerik, namun pada dasarnya, masing -masing metode tersebut memiliki karakteristik umum, yaitu selalu mencakup sejumlah kalkulasi aritmetika. Jadi metode numerik adalah suatu teknik untuk memformulasikan masalah matematika sehingga dapat diselesaikan dengan operasi aritmetika yang terdiri dari operasi tambah, kurang, kali dan bagi (Rochmad, 2011).</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mengapa Harus <span style="font-weight: bold;">Metode Numerik</span> ?</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">Alasan</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> pemakaian </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">metode numerik</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> ini karena tidak semua permasalahan matematis atau perhitungan matematis dapat diselesaikan dengan mudah. Bahkan dalam prinsip matematik, suatu persoalan matematik yang paling pertama dilihat adalah apakah persoalan itu memiliki penyelesaian atau tidak.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jadi, Jika suatu persoalan sudah sangat sulit atau tidak mungkin diselesaikan dengan <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">metode matematis</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> (analitik) maka kita dapat menggunakan</span><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">metode numerik</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> sebagai elternative penyelesaian persoalan tersebut.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Prinsip-Prinsip Metode Numerik</div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
-> Digunakan jika <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">metode analitik </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">tidak dapat digunakan lagi</span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
-> <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">Metode Numerik</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> merupakan pendekatan untuk mendapatkan pemecahan masalah yang dapat dipertanggung jawabkan secara </span><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">analitik</span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
-> Pendekatannya merupakan <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">analisis matematis</span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
-> <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">Metode Numerik</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> terdiri atas </span><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">algoritma-algoritma</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> yang dapat dihitung secara cepat dan mudah</span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
-> Karena berasal dari <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">alogaritma pendekatan</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">, maka </span><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">Metode Numerik</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> ini akan memakai </span><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">iterasi (pengulangan)</span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
-> Nilai kesalahan merupakan hal paling utama untuk mengetahui seberapa baik <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">metode</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> yang digunakan.</span></div>
</span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Pemakaian Metode Numerik</div>
</span><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">Pemakaian Metode Numerik</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> biasanya dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan persoalan </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">matematis</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> yang penyelesaiannya sulit didapatkan dengan menggunakan</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;"> metode analitik</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">, yaitu :</span></span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
a. Menyelesaikan <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">persamaan non linier</span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
b. Menyelesaikan <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">persamaan simultan</span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
c. Menyelesaikan <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">differensial</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> dan </span><span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">integral</span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
d. <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">Interpolasi dan Regresi</span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
e. Menyelesaikan <span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">persamaan differensial</span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
f.<span style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;"> Masalah multi variable</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> untuk menentukan nilai optimal yang tak bersyarat</span></div>
</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><b>4. Kegunaan Metode Numerik</b></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"></span></span></span><br />
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Di samping itu menurut Rochmad (2011) ada sejumlah alasan mengapa orang menggunakan <em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">metode numerik</em> untuk memecahkan masalah yang dihadapinya. Beberapa alasan tersebut sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<ol style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Metode numerik merupakan suatu teknik untuk menyelesaikan masalah matematika yang efektif dan efisien. Dengan bantuan komputer ia sanggup menangani masalah yang rumit dan melibatkan perhitungan y ang luas, misalnya untuk memecahkan masalah solusi suatu persamaan tak linear, sistem persamaan yang besar, dan permasalahan lainnya termasuk dalam teknik dan sosial. Masalah yang sering sulit atau bahkan tidak mungkin dapat diselesaikan secara analitis dapat diselesaikan dengan metode numerik.</span></li>
<li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Saat ini terdapat berbagai paket program komputer (misalnya exel, maple, matlab, atau program paket lainnya) yang tersedia dan diperdagangkan sehingga mudah didapat yang dalam pengoperasiannya mencakup metode numerik. Dengan demikian, pemecah masalah tinggal menyesuaikan dengan karakteristik program paket tersebut dengan algortima yang digunakan dalam pemecahan masalah.</span></li>
<li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Apabila masalah yang dihadapi sulit diselesaikan dengan bantuan program paket komputer, maka pemecah masalah dapat menggunakan program komputer (misalnya basic, pascal, fortran, atau program komputer lainnya). Jika pemecah masalah mahir mendesain program sendiri, maka pemecah masalah dapat lebih leluasa dalam menggunakan metode numerik untuk memecahka n masalah yang dihadapinya.</span></li>
<li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Di sisi lain, metode numerik merupakan semacam sarana yang efisien untuk mengenal karakteristik komputer dan mendesain algoritma, diagram alur dan menulis program komputer sendiri.</span></li>
</ol>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15972500129518226955noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5323970988548304175.post-70395788136904433782012-11-22T06:38:00.000-08:002012-11-22T08:09:01.262-08:00Persamaan Akar dengan menggunakan Metode Grafik, Rumus ABC, Algoritma dan Flowchart<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 36px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b></b></span></span><br /></span>
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 150%;">Metode Numerik<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">
</b></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">(<a href="http://fairuzelsaid.wordpress.com/2010/10/13/metode-numerik-01-pengantar-metode-numerik/"><i>http://fairuzelsaid.wordpress.com/2010/10/13/metode-numerik-01-pengantar-metode-numerik/</i></a><i>)<o:p></o:p></i></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><i style="background-color: black;">Created By: Kelompok 2 Mathematic-D Smt. VII</i></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><i></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><i>Andi Wahyudi (59451111), Epi Cahyati (59450981), Pipit Puspitasari (59451141), Innayatul Maula (59451124) </i></b></span></span></div>
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;">
</span></b></span>
</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b style="background-color: black;">
</b></span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;">PENGERTIAN METODE NUMERIK<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;">
</span></b></span>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Metode
Numerik adalah teknik-teknik yang digunakan untuk
memformulasi kan masalah matematis agar dapat dipecahkan dengan operasi
perhitungan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Metode Numerik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;">TUJUAN METODE NUMERIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sebelum komputer digunakan untuk penyelesaian komputasi, dilakukan
dengan berbagai metode yang memiliki kendala-kendala. Metode yang digunakan
antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i>Metode Analitik</i>, Solusi ini sangat berguna namun terbatas
pada masalah sederhana. Sedangkan Masalah real yang komplek dan non linier
tidak dapat diselesaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Metode Grafik, metode ini digunakan Sebagai
pendekatan penyelesaian yang kompleks. Kendalanya bahwa metode ini Tidak
akurat, sangat lama, dan banyak membutuhkan waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 250%; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 250%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kalkulator dan Slide Rules, Penyelesaian numerik
secara manual. Cara ini cukup lama dan mungkin bisa terjadi kesalahan pemasukan
data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Penggunaan metode numerik diharapkan dapat mengatasi berbagai
kelemahan-kelemahan metode yang ada sebelumnya. Dapat dipahami pula bawa pada
umumnya permasalahan dalam sains dan teknologi digambarkan dalam persamaan
matematika. Persamaan ini sulit diselesaikan dengan model analitik sehingga
diperlukan penyelesaian pendekatan numerik. Dengan metode numerik, manusia
terbebas dari hitung menghitung manual yang membosankan . Sehinggga waktu dapat
lebih banyak digunakan untuk tujuan yang lebih kreatif, seperti penekanan pada
formulasi problem atau interpretasi solusi dan tidak terjebak dalam rutinitas
hitung menghitung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Manfaat Mempelajari
Metode Numerik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Mampu menangani sistem persamaan besar, Ketaklinieran dan
geometri yang rumit, yang dalam masalah rekayasa tidak mungkin
dipecahkan secara analitis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Mengetahui secara singkat dan jelas teori
matematika yang mendasari paket program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Mampu merancang program sendiri sesuai permasalahan
yang dihadapi pada masalah rekayasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Metode numerik cocok untuk menggambarkan ketangguhan
dan keterbatasan komputer dalam menangani masalah rekayasa yang tidak
dapat ditangani secara analitis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Menangani galat (error) suatu nilai hampiran (aproksimasi)
dari masalah rekayasa yang merupakan bagian
dari paket program yang bersekala besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Menyediakan sarana memperkuat pengertian
matematika mahasisw. Karena salah satu kegunaannya
adalah menyederhanakan matematika yang lebih
tinggi menjadi operasi-operasi matematika yang
mendasar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/metode-numerik-penyelesaian-masalah-matematis.png"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1071" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Metode Numerik - Penyelesaian masalah matematis"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/metode-numerik-penyelesaian-masalah-matematis.png"
style='width:426pt;height:314.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
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<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:title="Metode Numerik - Penyelesaian masalah matematis"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Metode Numerik - Penyelesaian masalah matematis" border="0" height="419" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="568" /><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Metode Numerik - Penyelesaian masalah
matematis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Dalam menangani masalah rekayasa(masalah
riil) perlu melakukan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Membawa permasalahan rekayasa kedalam
teori matematika (model matematika)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Model matematika yang diperoleh diselesaikan dengan cara
matematika yaitu digunakan komputasi, statistika dan matematika
yang disebut dengan alat pemecah masalah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Hasil dari pemecah masalah masih berupa
nilai numeris atau grafik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Hasil numeris yang diperoleh diimplementasikan kembali ke permasalah
semula (masalah rekayasa) sehingga dapat dipublikasikan
sesuai dengan permasalahan yang dimaksud.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Tahap-Tahap Memecahkan Persoalan Secara Numerik yang dilakukan dakam
pemecahan persoalan dunia nyata dengan metode numerik, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pendefinisian masalah (apa yang diketahui dan apa
yang diminta).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pemodelan, Persoalan dunia nyata dimodelkan ke dalam
persamaan matematika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penyederhanaan model, Model matematika yang
dihasilkan dari tahap sebelumnya mungkin saja terlalu kompleks, yaitu
memasukkan banyak peubah (variable) atau parameter. Semakin kompleks model
matematikanya, semakin rumit penyelesaiannya. Mungkin beberapa andaian dibuat
sehingga beberapa parameter dapat diabaikan. Model matematika yang
diperoleh dari penyederhanaan menjadi lebih sederhana sehingga solusinya akan
lebih mudah diperoleh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Formulasi numerik, Setelah model matematika yang sederhana
diperoleh, tahap selanjutnya</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">adalah memformulasikannya secara numerik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pemrograman, Tahap selanjutnya adalah menerjemahkan
algoritma ke dalam program komputer</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">dengan menggunakan salah satu bahasa pemrograman yang dikuasai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Operasional, Pada tahap ini, program komputer dijalankan
dengan data uji coba sebelum data yang sesungguhnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Evaluasi, Bila program sudah selesai dijalankan
dengan data yang sesungguhnya, maka hasil yang diperoleh diinterpretasi.
Interpretasi meliputi analisis hasil run dan membandingkannya dengan prinsip
dasar dan hasil-hasil empirik untuk menaksir kualitas solusi numerik, dan keputusan
untuk menjalankan kembali program dengan untuk memperoleh hasil yang lebih
baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 150%;">Algoritma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://azwinm.blogspot.com/2010/01/macam-macam-fungsi.html"><i>http://azwinm.blogspot.com/2010/01/macam-macam-fungsi.html</i></a><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Algoritma adalah merupakan sederetan(sequence) langkah logika
yang diperlukan untuk melakukan suatu tugas
tertentu seperti pemecahan masalah. Algoritma
yang baik mempunyai sejumlah kriteria
berikut :Setiap langkah harus determinestik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Proses harus berakir setelah
sejumlah berhingga langkah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Hasil akhir tidak boleh tergantung kepada siapa yang menjalani
algoritma tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Suatu algoritma tidak boleh berakhir terbuka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Algoritma harus cukup umum untuk
menangani keperluan apapun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;">BAGAN ALIR ( FLOWCHART)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Bagan alir merupakan pernyataan visual atau grafis suatu
algoritma. Bagan alir menggunakan deretan blok dan
anak panah, yang masing-masing menyatakan operasi
atau langkah tertentu dalam algoritma. Anak panah menyatakan urutan bagaimana
seharusnya operasi dijalankan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Manfaat bagan alir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Dipakai untuk menyatakan dan
mengkomunikasikan algoritma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Dapat membantu dalam perencanaan, menyelesaikan keruwetan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Mengkomunikasikan logika program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Merupakan wahana yang menarik untuk memvisualisasikan
beberapa struktur yang mendasar yang diterapkan
dalam pemrograman Komputer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/metode-numerik-flowchart.png"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1070" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Metode Numerik - Flowchart"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/metode-numerik-flowchart.png"
style='width:340.5pt;height:299.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title="Metode Numerik - Flowchart"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Metode Numerik - Flowchart" border="0" height="399" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="454" /><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h2 align="center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;">RUMUS FUNGSI KUADRAT
ABC<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>(</i><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persamaan_kuadrat"><i>http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persamaan_kuadrat</i></a><i>)<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Persamaan kuadrat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah suatu persamaan polinomial
berorde dua. Bentuk umum dari persamaan kuadrat adalah <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1069" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="y = ax^2 + bx + c \,\!"
style='width:106.5pt;height:16.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="!"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="y = ax^2 + bx + c \,\!" border="0" height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9" width="142" /><!--[endif]--> dengan<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1068" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="a \ne 0 \,\!"
style='width:34.5pt;height:15pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif"
o:title="!"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="a \ne 0 \,\!" border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="46" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Huruf-huruf<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>a</em>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>b</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>c</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>disebut sebagai koefisien: koefisien
kuadrat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>a</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah koefisien dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>x</em><sup>2</sup>, koefisien
linier<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>b</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah koefisien dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>x</em>, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>c</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah koefisien konstan atau disebut
juga suku bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;">Arti nilai a, b, dan
c<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-a.png"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11"
o:spid="_x0000_i1067" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/a/a3/Kuadrat-a.png/200px-Kuadrat-a.png"
href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-a.png" style='width:150pt;
height:150pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title="200px-Kuadrat-a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/a/a3/Kuadrat-a.png/200px-Kuadrat-a.png" border="0" height="200" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_11" width="200" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-a.png" title=""Perbesar" "><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12"
o:spid="_x0000_i1066" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-a.png" title=""Perbesar""
style='width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.gif"
o:title="magnify-clip"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_12" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Variasi nilai a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-b.png"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13"
o:spid="_x0000_i1065" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/f/f1/Kuadrat-b.png/200px-Kuadrat-b.png"
href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-b.png" style='width:150pt;
height:150pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.png"
o:title="200px-Kuadrat-b"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/f/f1/Kuadrat-b.png/200px-Kuadrat-b.png" border="0" height="200" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13" width="200" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-b.png" title=""Perbesar" "><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_14"
o:spid="_x0000_i1064" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-b.png" title=""Perbesar""
style='width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.gif"
o:title="magnify-clip"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_14" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Variasi nilai b<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-c.png"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15"
o:spid="_x0000_i1063" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/4/48/Kuadrat-c.png/200px-Kuadrat-c.png"
href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-c.png" style='width:150pt;
height:150pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.png"
o:title="200px-Kuadrat-c"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/4/48/Kuadrat-c.png/200px-Kuadrat-c.png" border="0" height="200" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_15" width="200" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-c.png" title=""Perbesar" "><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16"
o:spid="_x0000_i1062" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-c.png" title=""Perbesar""
style='width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.gif"
o:title="magnify-clip"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_16" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Variasi nilai c<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Nilai-nilai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>a</em>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>b</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>c</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>menentukan bagaimana bentuk parabola
dari fungsi persamaan kuadrat dalam ruang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>xy</em>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><em>a</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>menentukan seberapa cekung/cembung parabola yang dibentuk oleh fungsi
kuadrat. Nilai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>a > 0</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>akan menyebabkan parabola terbuka ke
atas, sedangkan nilai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>a <
0</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>akan menyebabkan parabola
terbuka ke bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><em>b</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>menentukan kira-kira posisi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>x</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>puncak parabola, atau sumbu simetri
cermin dari kurva yang dibentuk. Posisi tepatnya adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>-b/2a</em>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><em>c</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>menentukan titik potong fungsi parabola yang dibentuk dengan sumbu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>y</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>atau saat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>x = 0</em>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Ilustrasi grafik-grafik persamaan kuadrat dengan berbagai variasi nilai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>a</em>.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>b</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>c</em>dapat
dilihat pada gambar di di atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-variant: small-caps; line-height: 150%;">Rumus kuadrat akar
rumus abc<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-akar.png"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_17" o:spid="_x0000_i1061"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/d/d5/Kuadrat-akar.png/300px-Kuadrat-akar.png"
href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-akar.png" style='width:225pt;
height:225pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.png"
o:title="300px-Kuadrat-akar"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/d/d5/Kuadrat-akar.png/300px-Kuadrat-akar.png" border="0" height="300" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_17" width="300" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-akar.png" title=""Perbesar" "><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_18" o:spid="_x0000_i1060"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Kuadrat-akar.png" title=""Perbesar""
style='width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.gif"
o:title="magnify-clip"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_18" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">y = 0.75 (x +
3.333) (x – 6-000)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Rumus kuadrat dikenal pula dengan nama ‘<em>rumus abc</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>karena digunakan untuk menghitung
akar-akar persamaan kuadrat yang tergantung dari nilai-nilai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>a</em>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>b</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<em>c</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>suatu persamaan kuadrat. Rumus yang
dimaksud memiliki bentuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1059" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="x_{1,2} = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}"
style='width:2in;height:33pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.gif"
o:title="sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img alt="x_{1,2} = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}" border="0" height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_19" width="192" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Rumus ini digunakan untuk mencari akar-akar persamaan kuadrat apabila
dinyatakan bahwa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_20" o:spid="_x0000_i1058" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="y = 0 \,\!"
style='width:34.5pt;height:13.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.gif"
o:title="!"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img alt="y = 0 \,\!" border="0" height="18" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_20" width="46" /><!--[endif]-->.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Dari rumus tersebut akan diperoleh akar-akar persamaan, sehingga
persamaan semula dalam bentuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_21" o:spid="_x0000_i1057" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="y = ax^2 + bx + c \,\!"
style='width:106.5pt;height:16.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="!"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img alt="y = ax^2 + bx + c \,\!" border="0" height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_21" width="142" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">dapat dituliskan
menjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_22" o:spid="_x0000_i1056" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="y = a (x - x_1) (x - x_2) \,\!"
style='width:142.5pt;height:17.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.gif"
o:title="!"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img alt="y = a (x - x_1) (x - x_2) \,\!" border="0" height="23" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_22" width="190" /><!--[endif]-->.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Dari persamaan terakhir ini dapat pula dituliskan dua hubungan yang
telah umum dikenal, yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1055" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="x_1 + x_2 = -\frac{b}{a} \,\!"
style='width:87pt;height:30.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.gif"
o:title="!"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img alt="x_1 + x_2 = -\frac{b}{a} \,\!" border="0" height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_23" width="116" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_24" o:spid="_x0000_i1054" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="x_1 \cdot x_2 = \frac{c}{a} \,\!"
style='width:69pt;height:27pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.gif"
o:title="!"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img alt="x_1 \cdot x_2 = \frac{c}{a} \,\!" border="0" height="36" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_24" width="92" /><!--[endif]-->.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">menentukan jumlah dan sifat dari akar-akar persamaan kuadrat. Terdapat
tiga kasus yang mungkin:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Jika
dikriminan bersifat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positif&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Positif (halaman belum tersedia)">positif</a>, akan
terdapat dua akar berbeda yang kedua-duanya merupakan bilangan riil. Untuk
persamaan kuadrat dengan koefisien berupa<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_bulat" title="Bilangan bulat">bilangan bulat</a>, apabila diskriminan merupakan suatu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuadrat_sempurna&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kuadrat sempurna (halaman belum tersedia)">kuadrat sempurna</a>, maka akar-akarnya merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_rasional" title="Bilangan rasional">bilangan rasional</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>— sebaliknya dapat pula merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilangan_irrasional_kuadrat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bilangan irrasional kuadrat (halaman belum tersedia)">bilangan irrasional kuadrat</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Jika
diskriminan bernilai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nol" title="Nol">nol</a>, terdapat<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eksak&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Eksak (halaman belum tersedia)">eksak</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>satu akar, dan akar yang dimaksud
merupakan bilangan riil. Hal ini kadang disebut sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akar_ganda&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Akar ganda (halaman belum tersedia)">akar ganda</a>, di mana nilainya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_28" o:spid="_x0000_i1053" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="x = -\frac{b}{2a}.\,\!"
style='width:60.75pt;height:30.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.gif"
o:title="!"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img alt="x = -\frac{b}{2a}.\,\!" border="0" height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_28" width="81" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Jika
diskriminan bernilai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negatif&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Negatif (halaman belum tersedia)">negatif</a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>tidak</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>terdapat akar riil. Sebagai gantinya,
terdapat dua buah akar kompleks (tidak-real), yang satu sama lain merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konjugat_kompleks&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Konjugat kompleks (halaman belum tersedia)">konjugat kompleks</a>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_29" o:spid="_x0000_i1052" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="x_+ = \frac{-b}{2a} + i \left ( \frac{\sqrt {4ac - b^2}}{2a} \right )"
style='width:168pt;height:38.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.gif"
o:title="right )"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img alt="x_+ = \frac{-b}{2a} + i \left ( \frac{\sqrt {4ac - b^2}}{2a} \right )" border="0" height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_29" width="224" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_30" o:spid="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="x_- = \frac{-b}{2a} - i \left ( \frac{\sqrt {4ac - b^2}}{2a} \right )"
style='width:168pt;height:38.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.gif"
o:title="right )"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img alt="x_- = \frac{-b}{2a} - i \left ( \frac{\sqrt {4ac - b^2}}{2a} \right )" border="0" height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_30" width="224" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Jadi akar-akar akan berbeda, jika dan hanya jika diskriminan bernilai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidak_sama_dengan_nol&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tidak sama dengan nol (halaman belum tersedia)">tidak sama dengan nol</a>, dan akar-akar akan bersifat riil, jika dan hanya jika
diskriminan bernilai<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidak_negatif&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tidak negatif (halaman belum tersedia)">tidak negatif</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Flowchart</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">(</span></i><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/analisis-sistem-informasi-pedoman-membuat-flowchart/"><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">http://fairuzelsaid.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/analisis-sistem-informasi-pedoman-membuat-flowchart/</span></i></a><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">)</span></i></span><br />
<i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></i></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/analisis-sistem-informasi-pedoman-membuat-flowchart/" title="Pengertian/Definisi Flowchart"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Pengertian/Definisi Flowchart</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Bagan alir (flowchart) adalah
bagan (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">chart</span></em>) yang menunjukkan alir (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">flow</span></em>) di dalam program atau prosedur sistem secara
logika. Bagan alir digunakan terutama untuk alat bantu komunikasi dan untuk
dokumentasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span></o:p></h2>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/analisis-sistem-informasi-pedoman-membuat-flowchart/" title="Jenis-jenis Flowchart"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Jenis-jenis Flowchart</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Ada beberapa jenis flowchart
diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bagan alir sistem (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">systems flowchart</span></em>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bagan alir dokumen (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">document flowchart</span></em>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bagan alir skematik (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">schematic flowchart</span></em>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bagan alir program (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">program flowchart</span></em>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bagan alir proses (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">process flowchart</span></em>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 31.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;">SYSTEM
FLOWCHART<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">System
flowchart dapat didefinisikan sebagai bagan yang menunjukkan arus pekerjaan
secara keseluruhan dari sistem. Bagan ini menjelaskan urut-urutan dari
prosedur-prosedur yang ada di dalam sistem. Bagan alir sistem menunjukkan apa
yang dikerjakan di sistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 31.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;">DOCUMENT
FLOWCHART<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Bagan alir dokumen (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">document flowchart</span></em>) atau disebut juga bagan alir
formulir (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">form flowchart</span></em>)
atau paperwork flowchart merupakan bagan alir yang menunjukkan arus dari
laporan dan formulir termasuk tembusan-tembusannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 31.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;">SCHEMATIC
FLOWCHART<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Bagan alir skematik (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">schematic flowchart</span></em>) merupakan bagan alir yang mirip
dengan bagan alir sistem, yaitu untuk menggambarkan prosedur di dalam sistem.
Perbedaannya adalah, bagan alir skematik selain menggunakan simbol-simbol bagan
alir sistem, juga menggunakan gambar-gambar komputer dan peralatan lainnya yang
digunakan. Maksud penggunaan gambar-gambar ini adalah untuk memudahkan
komunikasi kepada orang yang kurang paham dengan simbol-simbol bagan alir.
Penggunaan gambar-gambar ini memudahkan untuk dipahami, tetapi
sulit dan lama menggambarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 31.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;">PROGRAM
FLOWCHART<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Bagan alir program (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">program flowchart</span></em>) merupakan bagan yang
menjelaskan secara rinci langkah-langkah dari proses program. Bagan alir
program dibuat dari derivikasi bagan alir sistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Bagan alir program dapat terdiri dari
dua macam, yaitu bagan alir logika program (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">program logic flowchart</span></em>)
dan bagan alir program komputer terinci (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">detailed computer program
flowchart</span></em>). Bagan alir logika program digunakan untuk
menggambarkan tiap-tiap langkah di dalam program komputer secara logika. Bagan
alat- logika program ini dipersiapkan oleh analis sistem. Gambar berikut
menunjukkan bagan alir logika program. Bagan alir program komputer terinci
(<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">detailed computer program flow-chart</span></em>) digunakan untuk
menggambarkan instruksi-instruksi program komputer secara terinci. Bagan alir
ini dipersiapkan oleh pemrogram.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 31.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;">PROCESS
FLOWCHART<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Bagan alir proses (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">process flowchart</span></em>) merupakan bagan alir yang
banyak digunakan di teknik industri. Bagan alir ini juga berguna bagi analis
sistem untuk menggambarkan proses dalam suatu prosedur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span></o:p></h2>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/analisis-sistem-informasi-pedoman-membuat-flowchart/" title="Jenis-jenis Flowchart"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Simbol/Notasi Flowchart</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Dipakai
sebagai alat Bantu menggambarkan proses di dalam program. Dibagi menjadi tiga
kelompok :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in; text-transform: uppercase;">FLOW DIRECTION SYMBOLS</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">dipakai untuk menggabungkan antara symbol yang satu dengan
symbol lainnya</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image011.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_135" o:spid="_x0000_i1050"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image011.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image011.gif" style='width:28.5pt;
height:29.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.gif"
o:title="image011"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image011.gif?w=584" border="0" height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_135" width="38" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol Off-line Connector</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>( Simbol untuk keluar/masuk prosedure
atau proses dalam lembar/halaman yang lain)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image010.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_136" o:spid="_x0000_i1049"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image010.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image010.gif" style='width:28.5pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.gif"
o:title="image010"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image010.gif?w=584" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_136" width="38" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol Connector</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Simbol untuk keluar/masuk prosedur
atau proses dalam lembar/halaman yang sama). <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Processing symbols</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Menunjukkan jenis operasi pengolahan dalam suatu prosedur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image0011.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_137" o:spid="_x0000_i1048"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image0011.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image0011.gif" style='width:54pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.gif"
o:title="image0011"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image0011.gif?w=584" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_137" width="72" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol Process</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Simbol yang menunjukkan pengolahan
yang dilakukan oleh komputer)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image006.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_138" o:spid="_x0000_i1047"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image006.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image006.gif" style='width:57pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.gif"
o:title="image006"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image006.gif?w=584" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_138" width="76" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol Manual Operation</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Simbol yang menunjukkan pengolahan
yang tidak dilakukanoleh komputer)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image009.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_139" o:spid="_x0000_i1046"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image009.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image009.gif" style='width:57pt;
height:55.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.gif"
o:title="image009"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image009.gif?w=584" border="0" height="74" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_139" width="76" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol Decision</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Simbol untuk kondisi yang akan
menghasilkan beberapa kemungkinan jawaban/aksi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image0051.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_140" o:spid="_x0000_i1045"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image0051.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image0051.gif" style='width:57pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.gif"
o:title="image0051"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image0051.gif?w=584" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_140" width="76" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol Predefined Process</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Simbol untuk mempersiapkan
penyimpanan yang akan digunakan sebagai tempat pengolahan di dalam storage)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image003.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_141" o:spid="_x0000_i1044"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image003.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image003.gif" style='width:54pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.gif"
o:title="image003"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image003.gif?w=584" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_141" width="72" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol Terminal</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Simbol untuk permulaan atau akhir
dari suatu program)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image012.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_142" o:spid="_x0000_i1043"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image012.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image012.gif" style='width:31.5pt;
height:30.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.gif"
o:title="image012"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image012.gif?w=584" border="0" height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_142" width="42" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol Off-line Storage</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Simbol yang menunjukkan bahwa data di
dalam symbol ini akan disimpan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image003.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_143" o:spid="_x0000_i1042"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image003.gif?w=72&h=38"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image003.gif" style='width:54pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.gif"
o:title="image003"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image003.gif?w=72&h=38" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_143" width="72" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol Manual Input</em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span></span>(Simbol untuk pemasukan data secara
manual on-line keyboard)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image020.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_144" o:spid="_x0000_i1041"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image020.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image020.gif" style='width:54pt;
height:29.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.gif"
o:title="image020"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image020.gif?w=584" border="0" height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_144" width="72" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol Keying Operation</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Simbol operasi dengan menggunakan
mesin yang mempunyai keyboard)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Input-output symbols</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Menyatakan
jenis peralatan yang digunakan sebagai media input atau output.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image016.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_145" o:spid="_x0000_i1040"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image016.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image016.gif" style='width:57pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.gif"
o:title="image016"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image016.gif?w=584" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_145" width="76" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol input-output</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Symbol yang menyatakan proses input
dan output tanpa tergantung dengan jenis peralatannya)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image027.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_146" o:spid="_x0000_i1039"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image027.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image027.gif" style='width:41.25pt;
height:41.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.gif"
o:title="image027"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image027.gif?w=584" border="0" height="55" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_146" width="55" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol magnetic-tape unit</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Symbol yang menyatakan input berasal
pita magnetic atau output disimpan ke pita magnetic)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">-</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image021.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_147" o:spid="_x0000_i1038"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image021.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image021.gif" style='width:54pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.gif"
o:title="image021"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image021.gif?w=584" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_147" width="72" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol punched card</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Symbol yang menyatakan input berasal
dari kartu atau output ditulis ke kartu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image023.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_148" o:spid="_x0000_i1037"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image023.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image023.gif" style='width:50.25pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.gif"
o:title="image023"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image023.gif?w=584" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_148" width="67" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol disk and on-line storage</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Symbol untuk menyatakan input berasal
dari disk atau output disimpan ke disk)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image019.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_149" o:spid="_x0000_i1036"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image019.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image019.gif" style='width:55.5pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image039.gif"
o:title="image019"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image019.gif?w=584" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_149" width="74" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol display</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Symbol yang menyatakan peralatan
output yang digunakan yaitu layar, plotter, printer, dan sebagainya)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image017.gif"><i><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_150" o:spid="_x0000_i1035"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image017.gif?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image017.gif" style='width:54pt;
height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.gif"
o:title="image017"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image017.gif?w=584" border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_150" width="72" /><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><em>Symbol dokumen</em></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(symbol yang menyatakan input berasal
dari dokumen dalam bentuk kertas atau output dicetak ke kertas)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/analisis-sistem-informasi-pedoman-membuat-flowchart/"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Pedoman Membuat Flowchart</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 19.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Bila
seorang analis dan programmer akan membuat flowchart, ada beberapa petunjuk
yang harus diperhatikan, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Flowchart digambarkan dari halaman
atas ke bawah dan dari kiri kekanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Aktivitas yang digambarkan harus
didefinisikan secara hati-hati dan definisi ini harus dapat dimengerti oleh
pembacanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kapan aktivitas dimulai dan berakhir
harus ditentukan secara jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Setiap langkah dari aktivitas harus
diuraikan dengan menggunakan deskripsi kata kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Setiap langkah dari aktivitas harus
berada pada urutan yang benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lingkup dan range dari aktifitas yang
sedang digambarkan harusditelusuri dengan hati-hati. Percabangan-percabangan
yang memotong aktivitas yang sedang digambarkan tidak perlu digambarkan pada
flowchart yang sama. Simbol konektor harus digunakan dan percabangannya
diletakan pada halaman yang terpisah atau hilangkan seluruhnya bila
percabangannya tidak berkaitan dengan sistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 30pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Gunakan simbol-simbol flowchart yang
standar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/analisis-sistem-informasi-pedoman-membuat-flowchart/"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Contoh-contoh Flowchart</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 31.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;">CONTOH
FLOWCHART PROGRAM<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/slide0025_image017.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_151" o:spid="_x0000_i1034"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/slide0025_image017.jpg?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/slide0025_image017.jpg"
style='width:300.75pt;height:185.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image041.jpg"
o:title="slide0025_image017"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/slide0025_image017.jpg?w=584" border="0" height="247" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_151" width="401" /><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Contoh
Flowchart Program - Menentukan Bilangan Ganjil/Genap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/flowchart2.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_152" o:spid="_x0000_i1033"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/flowchart2.jpg?w=584"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/flowchart2.jpg" style='width:408.75pt;
height:190.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image042.jpg"
o:title="flowchart2"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/flowchart2.jpg?w=584" border="0" height="254" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_152" width="545" /><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Penggunaan
predefined processes dapat digunakan untuk menyederhanakan flowchart system
yang complex<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; line-height: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/flowchart3.jpg"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_153" o:spid="_x0000_i1032"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Flowchar Sistem untu predefined process yang diberi nama Check shipment untuk Flowchart diatas"
href="http://fairuzelsaid.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/flowchart3.jpg" style='width:438pt;
height:311.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image043.jpg"
o:title="Flowchar Sistem untu predefined process yang diberi nama Check shipment untuk Flowchart diatas"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Flowchar Sistem untu predefined process yang diberi nama Check shipment untuk Flowchart diatas" border="0" height="415" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image043.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_153" width="584" /><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
Soal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Contoh Soal Metode Grafik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Tentukan akar persamaan linear f(x)=2x - 4</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Jawab </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Y = 2x – 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Syarat pencarian akar yaitu saat y = 0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Y = 0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">X = 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sehingga didapatkan akarnya yaitu x = 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: left;"><span lang="SV" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Tentukan
akar persamaan kuadrat x<sup>2</sup> – 3x + 2 = 0<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Jawab <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Langkah-langkah penggambaran
garfiknya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="SV">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Mencari
titik potong<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Gambarkan
grafik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Tentukan
yang berpotongan dengan sumbu x<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_173" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:258.75pt;
height:251.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.png"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img border="0" height="335" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_173" width="345" /><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span lang="FI" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">Jadi x<sub>1 = </sub>1 dan x<sub>2</sub>=
2</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Cara lain menggunakan rumus
ABC :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Rumus <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:108.75pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image046.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="145" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1415124546">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Dari x<sup>2</sup> – 3x + 2 = 0 diketahui<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="background-color: black; color: white;">.a =1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="background-color: black; color: white;">.b =-3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="background-color: black; color: white;">.c =2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="PT-BR"> </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:102.75pt;
height:35.25pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="137" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1415124547">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="FI"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="background-color: black; color: white;">X1= (-b + (b*b – 4*a*c)^0.5)/2*a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="FI" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Teruskan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="SV" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Jadi x<sub>1 = </sub>1 dan x<sub>2</sub>=
2</span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Algoritma Pencarian akar
pada fungsi x<sup>2</sup> – 3x + 2 = 0 dengan rumus ABC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Langkah-langkahnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="FI">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">Inputkan
nilai a, b dan c<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="FI">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI">hitung
D<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Jika
D negatif maka imaginer dan akar tidak bisa ditentukan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="SV">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">jika
D positif maka :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">
<span lang="FI" style="background-color: black; color: white;">akan menghasilkan 2 akar berbeda yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:102pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image050.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="136" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1415124548">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="FI"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:104.25pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="139" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1415124549">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="FI"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="SV">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">jika
D = 0<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:48pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image054.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="64" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1415124550">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span lang="SV">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">selesai<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="background-color: black; color: white;">Flowchart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:325.5pt;height:519.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\User\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image056.emz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><img border="0" height="693" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/User/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="434" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Visio.Drawing.11" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1415124551">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">
<br /></div>
</b></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15972500129518226955noreply@blogger.com1